Introduction to Geography – Grade 12
Geography in Grade 12 focuses on physical and human geography, helping students understand the environment, natural disasters, human settlement, and economic development. It combines map work, case studies, and theoretical knowledge to prepare students for careers in urban planning, environmental management, climatology, and tourism.
Key Topics in Grade 12 Geography
1. Climatology (Weather and Climate)
- Global air circulation and wind systems
- Mid-latitude cyclones and tropical cyclones
- El Niño and La Niña phenomena
- Urban climates (heat islands, pollution)
- Climate change and its impact
2. Geomorphology (Earth’s Surface and Landforms)
- Drainage systems and river catchments
- Fluvial processes (erosion, transportation, deposition)
- River management and sustainability
- The impact of human activities on rivers
3. Settlement Geography
- Rural and urban settlements
- Factors influencing settlement development
- Urbanization and city growth
- Challenges of urban settlements (housing, pollution, congestion)
4. Economic Geography
- Primary, secondary, and tertiary economic activities
- Agriculture and mining in South Africa
- Industrial development and trade
- Sustainable development and economic growth
5. Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
- Basic GIS concepts and applications
- Data collection and spatial analysis
- Remote sensing and mapping
6. Mapwork and Interpretation
- Contour lines and topographical maps
- Aerial photographs and satellite images
- Calculating distance, area, and gradient
- Latitude, longitude, and coordinates
